Drinking Water Quality
in neW Orleans
June–October 2006
Principal Author
gina M. solomon, M.D., M.P.H.
senior scientist, natural resources Defense Council
Contributing Authors and Researchers
earthea nance, Ph.D., P.e.
assistant Professor, Virginia tech
Director, People’s environmental Center
sarah Janssen, M.D. Ph.D., M. P.H.
science Fellow, natural resources Defense Council
W. Brice White
Operations Manager, People’s environmental Center
erik Olson
senior attorney, natural resources Defense Council
Participating Organizations
natural resources Defense Council
People’s environmental Center
advocates for environmental Human rights
Common ground
Deep south Center for environmental Justice
About NRDC
the natural resources Defense Council is a national nonprofit environmental organization with more
than 1.2 million members and online activists. since 1970, our lawyers, scientists, and other environmental
specialists have worked to protect the world’s natural resources, public health, and the environment. nrDC
has offices in new york City, Washington, D.C., los angeles, san Francisco, and Beijing. Visit us at www.
nrdc.org.
Copyright 2007 by the natural resources Defense Council, inc.
Table of Contents
Summary
iv
Introduction
1
Water Sampling Protocols
3
Conclusion and Recommendations
11
Contaminants by Location
12
Appendix
26
Endnotes
30
Natural Resources Defense Council I iii
Summary
• researchers from nrDC (natural resources Defense Council) and the People’s environmental Center
worked with community partners in new Orleans to test the drinking water at 30 locations throughout the
city. the team tested for bacteria, parasites, and disinfection byproducts.
• Our testing found evidence of mixed bacterial contamination in three samples at levels above
nonenforceable guideline values. On retesting of these sites, one sample contained coliform bacteria but did
not contain e. coli, which is known to infect humans.
• the levels of disinfection byproducts were within legal limits, although some individual chemicals in these
categories were above health goals.
• Very limited testing did not detect parasites such as giardia or cryptosporidium, although these results
should be regarded with caution because these contaminants are notoriously difficult to detect.
• the quality of new Orleans drinking water and the condition of the distribution system should continue
to be studied until confidence in the system is completely restored.
Natural Resources Defense Council I iv
Introduction
Many people have raised questions and concerns about the quality and safety of the drinking water in new
Orleans after the flooding of the city in 2005. the floods temporarily shut down the east Bank Water
treatment Plant, damaged other water treatment facilities, and ruptured more than 20,000 water pipes. Pipes
ruptured both because of damage from the roots of falling trees and from subsidence of the soil underground.
there were published estimates of 100 million gallons of water per day leaking underground throughout the
system during the months following the flooding.1
according to newspaper reports, in June 2006 the new Orleans water system was still losing 85 million
gallons of water daily, representing more than two-thirds of the total leaving the treatment stations.2 Between
august 2005 and June 2006, the new Orleans sewerage and Water Board reportedly repaired approximately
17,000 leaks.3 By september 2006 the volume of water leaking out of the system was still estimated at 40
million to 50 million gallons per day.4 this means that major leaks in the system remain, and that more needs
to be done to repair the breaks and to assure the quality of the water at the tap.
according to the sewerage and Water Board, the cost of repairing the system is in the range of $2.2 billion,
including $200 million to repair the east Bank Water treatment Plant, $400 million to repair the power
plant, and approximately $1.6 million to repair the damage to the pipes in the distribution network.
When water mains rupture, the pressure in nearby sections of the water system decreases significantly. as
a result of the low water pressure, contaminants from outside the pipes can be sucked into the system.
Contaminated soil, effluent from adjacent broken sewer mains, or petroleum spills can be pulled into the
drinking water system through breaks in the pipes. as a result, even if the water that is leaving the treatment
plant is safe to drink, the water may become contaminated on the way to the tap.
the new Orleans sewerage and Water Board has declared that new Orleans water is safe to drink; its
“Consumer Confidence report” issued in June 2006 showed no contaminants. However, the board did not
report testing at the tap in previously flooded neighborhoods. nrDC requested data from the sewerage
and Water Board, including system maps, locations of water main breaks, and results of water quality tests
throughout the system. unfortunately, despite many requests made over a period of approximately six
months, we have not received the desired information.
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Water Sampling Protocols
in response to community concerns about potential contamination of drinking water, a coalition of nonprofit,
nongovernmental groups sampled and tested new Orleans drinking water on three separate occasions between
June and October 2006. table 1 lists the contaminants we detected, their guidance or regulatory levels,
and their health effects. guidance (or guideline) levels are suggested health-based concentration limits for
contaminants that are not yet regulated by law. regulatory levels are strict concentration limits set by federal,
state, or local regulations.
June Sampling Event
On June 12, 2006, individuals from Common ground collected five samples from the upper and lower
ninth Wards in new Orleans. these samples were analyzed by glenrose engineering of austin, texas, for
approximately 170 chemical contaminants, including metals, common pesticides, volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PaHs), and others. appendix a gives the full list of contaminants
included in this round of sampling.
September Sampling Event
On september 5–8, 2006, scientists from nrDC conducted sampling at 30 locations across the east Bank
of the city of new Orleans and tested for bacterial contaminants, byproducts of disinfection, and parasites
(tests for petroleum products, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, and pesticides were not included). this area
is served by Mississippi river water treated at a single treatment plant, the Carrollton Water treatment Plant
located at 8800 south Claiborne avenue. this facility uses a chloramine disinfection process. locations of
sampling sites are shown in Figure 1. Our team sampled at private homes with the consent of the owner, and
also collected samples from public institutions such as schools, hospitals, restaurants, and City Hall.
equipment included sterile sample bottles and manifest forms (provided by underwriters laboratories), a
portable chlorine meter, clean beakers, carrying tray, gloves, ice, cooler, timepiece, and field notebook. When
possible, water samples were taken at the point of water use (i.e., at indoor faucets). except where noted,
water was run for 10 minutes prior to filling the sample bottles. residual chlorine and temperature readings
were taken by collecting water in a clean beaker that had been rinsed with the same water, adding the reagent
provided, and inserting the portable chlorine meter into the beaker until the readings were displayed on the
unit. labeled sample bottles were filled with the sample water according to the instructions provided by the
laboratory, sealed, and placed immediately on ice. samples were sent by overnight shipment to underwriters
laboratories in south Bend, indiana.
October Sampling Event
three sites were sampled again on October 26, 2006, by the People’s environmental Center to further
evaluate elevated heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) found during the september sampling. the protocol and
laboratory were the same as those used during the september sampling event.
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Table 1: Contaminants Detected in New Orleans Water
Contaminant
Regulatory Limit5
Health Concerns
Bacteriological
Heterotrophic plate
500 (guideline) colonies
Indicator of poor maintenance of a
count
drinking water system; possible risk to
immunocompromised people
Total Coliform bacteria
0 colonies
Indicator of E. coli and related bacteria (see
below)
E. coli bacteria
0 colonies
Diarrhea, cramps, nausea, vomiting,
headaches; possibility of severe illness
in children, the elderly, and people with
immune deficiencies
Disinfection Byproducts
Residual chlorine
0.5 to 4.0 mg/L
If high: eye/nose/throat irritation, stomach
discomfort, anemia
If low: increased risk of bacterial
contamination
Bromodichloromethane
0 µg/L (guideline)
Cancer; kidney, liver, central nervous system
problems; miscarriage
Bromoform
0 µg/L (guideline)
Cancer; kidney, liver, central nervous system
problems; miscarriage
Dibromochloromethane
60 µg/L (guideline)
Cancer; kidney, liver, central nervous system
problems; miscarriage
Chloroform
0.2 mg/L (WHO guideline)
Cancer; kidney, liver, central nervous system
problems; miscarriage
Total Trihalomethanes
80 µg/L
Cancer; kidney, liver, central nervous system
problems; miscarriage
Dibromoacetic acid
0 µg/L (guideline)
Cancer
Dichloroacetic acid
300 µg/L
Cancer
Monobromoacetic acid
None
Cancer
Monochloroacetic acid
0.02 mg/L (WHO guideline)
Cancer
Trichloroacetic acid
0.2 mg/L (WHO guideline)
Cancer
Total haloacetic acids
60 µg/L
Cancer
Parasites
Giardia
0 µg/L (guideline)
Bloating, nausea, cramps, diarrhea, flatulence
Cryptosporidium
0 (guideline)
Watery diarrhea, cramps, vomiting; can
become severe and chronic in people
with immune deficiencies; can be fatal in
debilitated people, the elderly, or infants
Other Contaminants
Barium
2000 µg/L
Increased blood pressure at high doses
Lead
15 µg/L (action level)
Impaired physical or mental development;
harm to attention span and learning abilities;
kidney problems and high blood pressure
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Contaminant
Regulatory Limit5
Health Concerns
Selenium
50 µg/L
Hair or fingernail loss, loss of sensation in
fingers or toes, circulatory problems at high
levels; essential mineral at low levels
Phenol
None
Irritation of skin, eyes, and mucous
membranes after short-term exposure at
high levels
Note: World Health Organization (WHO) guideline levels are listed in cases where no EPA guideline level exists.6 However, for some compounds
there are not enough data from which to derive guideline values (e.g., monobromoacetic acid), and in these cases no organizational body has issued
guideline levels.
Natural Resources Defense Council I
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Results
test results are presented in three forms: detectable, non-detectable, and quantifiable. Detectable contami-
nants are present in the sample, but they are present at levels too low to specifically enumerate with the testing
instrument used. Non-detectable contaminants are not present at the lower limit of detection for the testing
instrument. Quantifiable contaminants are present in the sample at levels high enough to indicate a specific
concentration.
Chemical Contaminants
the tests done by Common ground in June 2006 for 170 chemical contaminants did not detect pesticides,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or most chemical contaminants at quantifiable concentrations. trihalo-
methanes (tHMs) were the only contaminants that were detected in all five samples, and the concentrations
were well below regulatory limits, averaging about 25 micrograms per liter (µg/l) of total tHMs, in
comparison with the ePa regulatory limit of 80 µg/l. the other contaminants found at quantifiable
concentrations included barium, selenium, total phenols, and lead. the concentrations of barium and
selenium were far below regulatory limits. Phenols were detected in three out of five samples, but there is no
regulatory limit to which to compare them. lead was detected in one sample at 14.3 µg/l, which is above the
guideline level of zero. lead is a contaminant that can leach from old drinking water pipes and especially from
old household plumbing. a number of contaminants were detected at trace levels in one or more samples.
However, the levels were so low that the lab was unable to quantify the concentration in the water. these
included acetone, benzidine, chloromethane, xylene, nitrophenol, 4,4’-DDe, arsenic, methoxychlor, delta-
BHC, and heptachlor. table 2 summarizes the quantifiable results from the June 2006 independent sampling.
Table 2: Test Results for Contaminants in New Orleans Water, June 2006
Contaminant
No. of
Units
Average
Range
Regulatory or
Samples
Guideline Limit
Bromodichloromethane
5
µg/L
7.0
6.4–7.3
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5
µg/L
2.2
1.3–2.6
60 (guideline)
Bromoform
5
µg/L
<1.0
—
0 (guideline)
Chloroform
5
µg/L
12.7
1.7–18.0
None
Total Trihalomethanes
5
µg/L
26.0
22.2–27.6
80
Barium
5
µg/L
57.5
55.5–63.1
2000
Selenium
5
µg/L
14.2
13.1–16.3
50
Lead
5
µg/L
6.9
<LOD*– 14.3
0 (guideline)
15 µg/L (action level)
Total Phenols
5
µg/L
4.2
<LOD– 5.4
None
*LOD = limit of detection
Chlorine
in september and October 2006, nrDC and the People’s environmental Center focused their testing
on residual chlorine, microbial contaminants, and tHMs. table 3 summarizes the results of the testing
Natural Resources Defense Council I
in september, and table 4 shows the October results. residual chlorine concentrations were within an
acceptable range in all samples tested, averaging 2.42 [range 1.43–3.34]. residual chlorine levels in u.s.
water distribution systems typically range from 0.5 mg/l to 2.0 mg/l. However, higher levels could be needed
depending on the chlorine demand of the specific system and the type of chlorination used. the residual
chlorine levels that we found were adequate.
Bacteria and Parasites
Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) was significantly elevated above the guideline level in three samples (10
percent). although the ePa nonenforceable guideline limit is 500 colonies, these three samples tested at
1700, 1700, and 5700 colonies. the elevated HPC is an indicator of poor system maintenance. Water systems
with a layer of microbial material inside the pipes (known as biofilms) may have a high HPC count even in
the presence of a disinfecting agent such as chlorine. HPC counts exceeding 10,000 per milliliter can mask
coliform counts, but these samples were not that high. the samples that tested high for HPC were located in
uptown/Carrollton (two sites) and in Village de l’est. retesting at these three sites revealed lower HPC (4,
100, and 740 at the three sites). the persistently elevated HPC was in a FeMa trailer in Village de l’est. see
table 4 for a summary of the retesting.
none of the initial 30 tests were positive for total coliform. However, one of the three retests was positive for
total coliform. that site was in uptown near the intersection of Prytania and napoleon streets. total coliform
is an indicator of certain types of bacteria in water. However, because coliform may be from a fecal or non-
fecal source, the presence of total coliform alone is not a decisive indicator of the health risk of drinking water.
the primary indicator of pathogens in water is e. coli, whose presence indicates that the water sample has
definitely been in contact with human or animal fecal material. no e. coli was found in any of the water
samples. the sample that tested positive for total coliform also tested negative for e. coli, which means the
coliform present were a non-fecal type. the 33 negative samples for e. coli from across the city are reassuring
and offer some level of confidence that there was no widespread pathogenic bacterial contamination in the
city water system at the time of the testing.
Four samples were tested for the parasites giardia and cryptosporidium. all samples were below the laboratory
detection limit. this result is difficult to interpret due to the small sample size and the fact that the laboratory
detection limit is above the ePa guideline value. laboratory testing frequently fails to detect these parasites
even when they are present in water systems. For that reason, detections of giardia or cryptosporidium in
water are very important, but the failure to detect these contaminants in a small number of samples does not
mean they are not present.
Disinfection Byproducts
Disinfection byproducts were detected in all the water samples taken in new Orleans. the average con-
centration of total trihalomethanes (ttHM) was 28.6 micrograms per liter (µg/l) [range 24.1–33.2].
this concentration is well below the regulatory limit of 80 µg/l. some individual trihalomethanes were
significantly above ePa guideline values, known as Maximal Contaminant level goals (MClg). in
particular, the average bromodichloromethane concentration was 10.3 µg/l [range 8.9–12], whereas the
MClg is zero. the average concentration of total haloacetic acids (Haa5) was 13.2 µg/l [range 11.8–15.2].
this is significantly below the regulatory limit of 60 µg/l. although there are no MClgs for most of the
haloacetic acids, there was one sample—taken at Children’s Hospital—that contained a concentration of
dibromoacetic acid of 11 µg/l; this is significantly above the MClg of zero for that chemical. the average
and range of concentrations of the major contaminants are shown in table 2.
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Why Does HPC Matter?
Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) is a measurement of mixed bacteria in water. This test provides a quantitative assessment
of the viable bacteria in a water sample that are able to grow under the standardized test conditions. HPC testing may
be used to monitor changes in the quality of water throughout a distribution system, thus giving an indication of the
effectiveness of chlorination or other disinfection in the system as well as the possible existence of cross-connections,
sediment accumulation, and other problems within the distribution lines. Although industry and several government
agencies state that HPC poses no health risk, that statement remains somewhat controversial. HPC includes some
opportunistic pathogens that may pose risks to immunocompromised people. Examples of bacteria that may be included in
HPC include Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Corynebacterium, Klebsiella, Legionella, Moraxella, Mycobacteria, Pseudomonas,
Staphylococcus, and Vibrio. Bacteria in all of these genera can affect humans under certain circumstances. Also, HPC levels
that are high can interfere with coliform testing and may mask fecal or total coliform.
Reference: Pavlov, D. “Potentially pathogenic features of heterotrophic plate count bacteria isolated from treated and
untreated drinking water.” Int J Food Microbiol. 2004;92(3):275–87.
Table 3: Test Results for Contaminants in New Orleans Water, September 2006
Contaminant
No. of
Units
Average
Range
Regulatory or
Samples
Guideline Limit
Heterotrophic plate count
30
colonies 326.4
0.5–5700
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
30
colonies 0
0
0
E. coli bacteria
30
colonies 0
0
0
Residual chlorine
30
mg/L
2.42
1.43–3.20
Between 0.5– 4.0
Contaminant
No. of
Units
Average
Range
Regulatory or
Samples
Guideline Limit
Bromodichloromethane
30
µg/L
10.3
8.9–12.0
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
30
µg/L
0.7
0.5–1.0
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
30
µg/L
5.9
4.8–7.0
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
30
µg/L
11.6
9.4–14.0
None
Total Trihalomethanes
30
µg/L
28.6
24.1–33.2
80
Dibromoacetic acid
10
µg/L
2.2
1.1–11.0
None
Dichloroacetic acid
10
µg/L
8.5
0.8–11.0
300
Monobromoacetic acid
10
µg/L
1.5
0.5–12.0
None
Monochloroacetic acid
10
µg/L
1.5
1.0–6.0
None
Trichloroacetic acid
10
µg/L
5.2
2.6–29.8
None
Total Haloacetic acids
10
µg/L
13.2
11.8–15.2
60
Giardia
4
colonies <9.26*
—
0 (guideline)
Cryptosporidium
4
colonies <9.26*
—
0 (guideline)
*This is the limit of detection of the laboratory sampling method.
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Table 4: Retesting of Three Samples of New Orleans Water, October 2006
Contaminant
No. of
Units
Average
Range
Regulatory
Samples
or Guideline Limit
Heterotrophic plate count
3
Present 281
4–740
500 (guideline)
or not
colonies
present
Total coliform bacteria
3
Present Not
Negative at
0 colonies
or not
two sites,
present
positive at one
site
E. coli bacteria
3
Present Not
Negative at all 0 colonies
or not
three sites
present
Residual chlorine
3
mg/L
2.34
1.63–3.34
Between 0.5– 4.0
*Nonnumerical value
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Conclusions and Recommendations
the results of our testing do not positively indicate health risks related to water quality; however, the presence
of total coliform in one sample does raise a potential concern. Furthermore, the quality of new Orleans
drinking water and the condition of the distribution system should continue to be studied until confidence in
the system is completely restored.
Natural Resources Defense Council I 0
Contaminants by Location
Uptown
Location: Private home near South Carrollton Ave. and South Claiborne Ave.
Date: September 5, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
5700
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
1.96
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
11
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.9
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
6.7
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
12
None
Total Trihalomethanes
30.6
80
Dibromoacetic acid
1.5
None
Dichloroacetic acid
7.9
300
Monobromoacetic acid
0.5
None
Monochloroacetic acid
1
None
Trichloroacetic acid
2.6
None
Total Haloacetic acids
12
60
Giardia
<9.091*
0 (guideline)
Cryptosporidium
<9.091*
0 (guideline)
*This is the limit of detection of the laboratory sampling method.
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Public building near Henry Clay Ave. and Tchoupitoulas St.
Date: September 6, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
170
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.33
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
11
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.8
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
6.3
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
13
None
Total Trihalomethanes
31.1
80
Dibromoacetic acid
11
None
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Dichloroacetic acid
0.8
300
Monobromoacetic acid
12
None
Monochloroacetic acid
6
None
Trichloroacetic acid
29.8
None
Giardia
<9.091*
0 (guideline)
Cryptosporidium
<9.091*
0 (guideline)
*This is the limit of detection of the laboratory sampling method.
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Public building at Napoleon Ave. near Prytania St.
Date: September 8, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
1700
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.51
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
9.3
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.7
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.6
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
9.8
None
Total Trihalomethanes 25.4
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Lakeview
Location: Private home near East Lakeshore Pkwy. and Canal Blvd.
Date: September 5, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
92
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.79
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
12
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
1
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
6.9
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
12
None
Total Trihalomethanes
31.9
80
Dibromoacetic acid
1.4
None
Dichloroacetic acid
8.2
300
Monobromoacetic acid
0.5
None
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Monochloroacetic acid
1
None
Trichloroacetic acid
2.7
None
Total Haloacetic acids
12.3
60
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Private home at Bellaire Dr. near Veterans Blvd.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
4
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.7
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
9.7
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.6
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.4
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
11
None
Total Trihalomethanes
26.7
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Private home near Marcia Ave. and Bellaire Dr.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
0.5
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.53
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
9.3
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.7
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.4
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
11
None
Total Trihalomethanes
26.4
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Public building at Navarre Ave. and General Diaz St.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
8
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.23
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
9.7
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.6
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.3
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
11
None
Total Trihalomethanes
26.6
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Garden District
Location: Public building at Magazine St. and Washington Ave.
Date: September 6, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
0.5
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.69
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
11
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.8
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
6.5
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
13
None
Total Trihalomethanes
31.3
80
Dibromoacetic acid
1.4
None
Dichloroacetic acid
10
300
Monobromoacetic acid
0.5
None
Monochloroacetic acid
1
None
Trichloroacetic acid
2.8
None
Total Haloacetic acids
14.2
60
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Public building at Foucher St. near Coliseum St.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
2
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.45
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
9.9
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
9.9
0 (guideline)
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Dibromochloromethane
6.3
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
11
None
Total Trihalomethanes
28
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Mid City
Location: Private home at South Pierce St. near Baudin St.
Date: September 6, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
0.5
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.63
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
12
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.8
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
6.6
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
13
None
Total Trihalomethanes
32.4
80
Dibromoacetic acid
1.3
None
Dichloroacetic acid
8.9
300
Monobromoacetic acid
0.5
None
Monochloroacetic acid
1
None
Trichloroacetic acid
2.8
None
Total Haloacetic acids
13
60
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Private home at Hagan Ave. near Dumaine St.
Date: September 6, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
14
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
3.12
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
12
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.8
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
6.4
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
14
None
Total Trihalomethanes
33.2
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Gert Town
Location: Private home at Broadway St. near Walmsley Ave.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
8
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.63
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
9.9
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.6
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.5
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
11
None
Total Trihalomethanes
27
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
New Orleans East
Location: Private home at Notaway Lane near Bullard Ave.
Date: September 6, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
0.5
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.5
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
11
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.9
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
6.4
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
12
None
Total Trihalomethanes
30.3
80
Dibromoacetic acid
1.4
None
Dichloroacetic acid
11
300
Monobromoacetic acid
0.5
None
Monochloroacetic acid
1
None
Trichloroacetic acid
2.6
None
Total Haloacetic acids
15
60
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Location: Public building at Hayne Blvd. near Bullard Ave.
Date: September 6, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
280
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
1.66
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
11
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.9
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
6.4
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
12
None
Total Trihalomethanes
30.3
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Private home at Primrose Dr. near Wales St.
Date: September 6, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
1
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
1.91
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
11
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.8
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
6
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
12
None
Total Trihalomethanes
29.8
80
Giardia
<9.091*
0 (guideline)
Cryptosporidium
<9.091*
0 (guideline)
*This is the limit of detection of the laboratory sampling method.
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location; Private home at Dwyer Rd. near Willowbrook Dr.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
1700
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
1.61
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
9.7
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.6
0 (guideline)
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Dibromochloromethane
5.4
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
12
None
Total Trihalomethanes
27.7
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Public building at Dwyer Rd. near Willowbrook Dr.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
8
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
1.89
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
10
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.7
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.9
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
13
None
Total Trihalomethanes
29.6
80
Dibromoacetic acid
1.1
None
Dichloroacetic acid
9.7
300
Monobromoacetic acid
0.5
None
Monochloroacetic acid
1
None
Trichloroacetic acid
2.6
None
Total Haloacetic acids
13.4
60
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Private home near Maple Wood Dr. and Michoud Blvd.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
0.5
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
1.43
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
10
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.8
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.9
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
12
None
Total Trihalomethanes
28.7
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Gentilly
Location: Private home at Arts St. near Gentilly Blvd.
Date: September 6, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
14
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.28
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
11
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.8
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
6.3
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
13
None
Total Trihalomethanes
31.1
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Public building at Lakeshore Dr. near Elysian Fields
Date: September 6, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
0.5
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.03
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
9.6
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.7
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.4
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
9.4
None
Total Trihalomethanes
25.1
80
Dibromoacetic acid
1.2
None
Dichloroacetic acid
8.8
300
Monobromoacetic acid
0.5
None
Monochloroacetic acid
1
None
Trichloroacetic acid
2.7
None
Total Haloacetic acids
12.7
60
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Private home at Warrington Dr. near Gentilly Blvd.
Date: September 8, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
41
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.78
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
10
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.7
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.6
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
11
None
Total Trihalomethanes
27.3
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Upper Ninth Ward
Location: Private home at Independence St. near Urquhart St.
Date: September 6, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
12
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.62
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
11
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.8
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
6.2
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
12
None
Total Trihalomethanes
30
80
Dibromoacetic acid
1.2
None
Dichloroacetic acid
8.8
300
Monobromoacetic acid
0.5
None
Monochloroacetic acid
1
None
Trichloroacetic acid
2.7
None
Total Haloacetic acids
12.7
60
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Lower Ninth Ward
Location: Private home at Andry St. near North Claiborne Ave.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
2
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.54
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
9.2
0 (guideline)
Natural Resources Defense Council I 0
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Bromoform
0.6
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
4.9
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
9.9
None
Total Trihalomethanes
24.6
80
Dibromoacetic acid
1.2
None
Dichloroacetic acid
8
300
Monobromoacetic acid
0.5
None
Monochloroacetic acid
1
None
Trichloroacetic acid
2.6
None
Total Haloacetic acids
11.8
60
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Private home at Urquhart St. near Andry St.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
0.5
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.61
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
11
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.9
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
7
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
13
None
Total Trihalomethanes
31.9
80
Giardia
<9.756*
0 (guideline)
Cryptosporidium
<9.756*
0 (guideline)
*This is the limit of detection of the laboratory sampling method.
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Public building at Deslonde St. near North Claiborne Ave.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
9
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
3.2
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
9.9
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.7
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.6
60 (guideline)
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Chloroform
11
None
Total Trihalomethanes
27.2
80
Dibromoacetic acid
1.4
None
Dichloroacetic acid
11
300
Monobromoacetic acid
0.5
None
Monochloroacetic acid
1
None
Trichloroacetic acid
2.8
None
Total Haloacetic acids
15.2
60
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Private home at Tupelo St. near North Prieur St.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
8
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
3.08
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
8.9
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.5
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
4.8
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
9.9
None
Total Trihalomethanes
24.1
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Location: Private home at Royal St. near Caffin Ave.
Date: September 7, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
1
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.3
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
9.8
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.7
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.4
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
11
None
Total Trihalomethanes
26.9
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Central Business District
Location: Public building near Poydras St. and Loyola Ave.
Date: September 8, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
0.5
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
3.03
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
10
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.7
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.9
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
11
None
Total Trihalomethanes
27.6
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
Tremé
Location: Public building at North Claiborne Ave. and Esplanade Ave.
Date: September 8, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
14
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Residual chlorine
2.26
Between 0.5–4.0
Bromodichloromethane
9.1
0 (guideline)
Bromoform
0.7
0 (guideline)
Dibromochloromethane
5.3
60 (guideline)
Chloroform
11
None
Total Trihalomethanes
26.1
80
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies. Units for the disinfection byproducts are in micrograms per liter (µg/L).
French Quarter
Location: Public building at Decatur St. near Ursuline Ave.
Date: September 8, 2006
Chemical
Measured Level
Regulatory Level
Heterotrophic plate count
0.5
500 (guideline)
Total coliform bacteria
0
0
E. coli bacteria
0
0
Note: Units for the microbial contaminants are in colonies.
Natural Resources Defense Council I
Appendix: Contaminants Sampled
for in New Orleans Drinking Water
Common Ground, June 2006—Five Samples
total Phenols
arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
lead
Mercury
selenium
silver
Cyanide
1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane
1,1,1-trichloroethane
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-trichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethene
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide)
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dioxane
2-Butanone (Mek)
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether
2-Hexanone
4-Methyl-2-pentanone (MiBk)
acetone (2-Propanone)
acetonitrile
acrolein
acrylonitrile
Benzene
Bromobenzene
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform (tribromomethane)
Bromomethane (Methyl bromide)
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroethane
Chloroform (trichloromethane)
Chloromethane (Methyl chloride)
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cis-1,2-Dichloroethene
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
Dibromochloromethane
Dibromomethane (Methylene bromide)
Dichlorodifluoromethane
ethylbenzene
iodomethane (Methyl iodide)
m,p-Xylenes
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)
o-Xylene
styrene
tetrachloroethene (Perchlorethylene)
toluene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethene
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
trichloroethene
trichlorofluoromethane
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
1-Methylnaphthalene
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dichlorophenol
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloronaphthalene
2-Chlorophenol
2-Methylnaphthalene
2-Methylphenol
2-nitroaniline
2-nitrophenol
3&4 Methylphenol (m&p-Cresol)
3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine
3-nitroaniline
4,6-Dinitro-2-methylphenol
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol
4-Chloroaniline (p-Chloroaniline)
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
4-nitroaniline
4-nitrophenol
7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
acenaphthene
acenaphthylene
aniline
anthracene
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Benzidine
Benzoic acid
Benzo[a]anthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[j,k]fluoranthene
Benzyl alcohol
bis(2-Chloroethoxy)methane
bis(2-Chloroethyl)ether
bis(2-Chloroisopropyl)ether
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Chrysene
Di-n-butyl phthalate (Dibutylphthalate)
Di-n-octylphthalate (Dioctylphthalate)
Dibenzofuran
Dibenz[a,h]acridine
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
Diethylphthalate
Dimethylphthalate
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCPD)
Hexachloroethane
indene
indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
isophorone
Methylchrysene
n-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
n-nitrosodimethylamine
n-nitrosodiphenylamine naphthalene
nitrobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
Pyridine
Quinoline
Benzenethiol/tiC
4,4’-DDD
4,4’-DDe
4,4’-DDt
aldrin
alpha-BHC (alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane)
alpha-Chlordane (cis-Chlordane)
beta-BHC (beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane)
delta-BHC (delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane)
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Dieldrin
endosulfan i
endosulfan ii
endosulfan sulfate
endrin
endrin aldehyde
gamma-Chlordane (trans-Chlordane)
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
lindane (gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane)
Methoxychlor
toxaphene
2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-m-xylene
Decachlorobiphenyl
1,2-Dichloroethane
4-Bromofluorobenzene
toluene
2,4,6-tribromophenol
2-Fluorobiphenyl
2-Fluorophenol
nitrobenzene
Phenol
terphenyl
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ENDNOTES
1 krupa, M. “Volume of water
leaks cut in half.” New Orleans Times
Picayune, september 20, 2006.
2 krupa, M. “Millions of gallons of
water seeping away.” New Orleans
Times Picayune, June 8, 2006.
3 ibid.
4 krupa, M. “Volume of water
leaks cut in half.” New Orleans Times
Picayune, september 20, 2006.
5 environmental Protection agency
(ePa), 2006a. “list of Drinking Water
Contaminants & MCls.” Ground
Water & Drinking Water. accessed
07/28/06. updated February 28, 2006.
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/mcl.
html#8.
6 World Health Organization.
2004. Guidelines for Drinking Water
Quality Volume 1: Recommendations,
3rd edition, geneva: World Health
Organization.
Natural Resources Defense Council I